Sensex is a portmanteau of two terms- Sensitive and Index and was coined by Deepak Mohoni, a stock market expert.
Sensex was meant to denote the most popular market index of 30 companies listed under the Bombay Stock Exchange.
The component companies listed in this index today are some of the biggest companies in this country with the most actively traded stocks.
Companies included under it are selected by S&P BSE Index Committee based on the following five criteria –
Ever since opening up in the 1990s, it has witnessed rapid growth, especially post-2000. For instance, in 2002, information technology companies helped the index cross the 6000 mark for the first time. This growth curve can be owed to a rapid increase in India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), since the turn of this century.
Some of the companies under this index include Axis Bank, Asian Paints, Bajaj Finance, Bharti Airtel, Coal India, HCL Technologies, Hindustan Unilever, ICICI Bank, IndusInd Bank, Tata Consultancy Services, Larsen & Toubro, etc.
BSE modifies Sensex share composition from time to time to ensure that it reflects the current conditions of the stock market. At first, the index was calculated based on a weighted methodology of market capitalization.
However, since 2003, this calculation method was reformed and now integrates a free-float capitalisation method.
This free-float method is an alternative of market-capitalisation method, where instead of a company’s outstanding shares, the number of shares available for sale under it is used to calculate the index. This method, thus, does not integrate restricted stocks (ones held by company insiders) which are not for sale.
The formula for the same is-
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Free Float Market Capitalization = Market Capitalization x Free Float Factor |
This factor is the ratio of floated shares to outstanding ones. According to this free-float capitalization method, the index level always demonstrates the free-float value of the 30 listed companies under Sensex, relative to a base period.
These are the major steps that must be followed before starting your investment in Sensex:
It is important to have a Demat account that holds your shares in electronic form.
After opening a Demat account, you should register yourself for opening a trading account. As BSE does not allow direct purchase or sale of securities. With the help of a trading account, one can easily buy and sell securities online.
Other than having a Demat and trading account, an investor must also have a bank account and PAN card to trade on Sensex.
The following table illustrates the gradual rise (and fall) of Sensex stock through India’s stock market history –
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Timeline |
Events |
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Early 90’s to the end of the 20th century |
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Beginning of the 21st century to mid-2000s. |
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Mid 2000s to its end. |
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2013-2015 |
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2017-2019 |
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Therefore, in the past 3 decades, even though India’s stock market has undergone bullish and bearish trends, the outcome has overall been positive for investors with a steady growth of Sensex.
The world economy faced a major crisis between 2008 and 2009 with a fall in the Dow Jones industrial average in its intraday trading, leading to a stock market crash.
This crash also affected India’s stock market adversely and led to a loss of 1408 points on 21st January 2008, which was its highest since its inception. The next day the index went into a downward spiral with trading suspended for an hour.
From January to November 2008, the index continued to drop consistently, throwing the entire market into uncertainty. In October 2008, the market closed at 8509.56 points, its lowest in the last 10 years.
Again, in 2009, the index dropped by almost 750 points due to Satyam fraud, which threw the market into turmoil.
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