Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities tend to play a vital role in ensuring the profitability of a business or its long-term viability. It depends on how well a company can manage them effectively.

All receivables are categorized as assets, while the payables are categorized as liabilities. 

Another way to look at examples of assets and liabilities is by segregating them based on profit and loss.

For instance, the investments via which profit or income is generated are typically put under the category of assets, whereas the losses incurred or expenses paid or to be paid are considered to be a liability.

Where Can Assets And Liabilities Be Found?

Let’s take a detailed look at the two with a reference to a sample balance sheet here-

• Assets

The term ‘asset’ signifies all kinds of resources that help generate revenue as well as receivables. Assets may generate robust cash flow as they help convert raw materials or can be converted into cash or cash equivalents. 

Notably, such resources are reported on the left side of the Balance Sheet that is maintained by any entity involved in commercial practice. 

Generally, the sum of total liabilities and equities owned helps compute the value of assets. Consequently, it can be said - 

• Liabilities

The term liability signifies all types of account payables. It can further be defined as a financial obligation that individuals must meet. 

Usually, liabilities tend to play a significant role when it comes to financing expansion or ensuring the smooth processing of everyday operations of commercial practices.

The obligations of a commercial entity are reported on the right side of the Balance Sheet. 

Different Types of Assets and Liabilities

The following offers a detailed explanation of the different types of assets and liabilities. 

• Types of Assets

Most assets are classified based on 3 broad categories, namely - 

Following are the  6 different types of assets-

• Current Assets or Short-term Assets

Current assets are the types of assets that can be readily converted into cash or its equivalent resources typically within a year and are known as liquid assets. For example, cash equivalents, stock, marketable securities and short-term deposits are some of the most common current assets.

• Fixed Assets or Long-term Assets

Also known as hard assets and fixed assets, these resources are not easy to convert into cash or its equivalent kind. Generally, land, machinery, equipment, building, patents, trademarks, etc. are considered as fixed assets.

• Tangible Assets

Assets with a physical existence are categorised as tangible assets. Resources like stock, land, building, office supplies, equipment, machinery and marketable securities, among others are functioning examples of tangible assets.

• Intangible Assets

On the contrary, assets which do not possess a physical existence come under the category of intangible assets. The best examples of such assets would be market goodwill, corporate intellectual property, patents, copyrights, permits, trade secrets, brand, etc.

• Operating Assets

Assets like cash, building, machinery, equipment, copyright, goodwill, stock, etc. are termed as operating assets. Typically, such assets are used to generate revenue and to maintain daily operation.

• Non-operating Assets

Though these assets are not used for performing daily operations, they tend to help generate significant revenue. Some of the best examples of non-operating assets are short-term investments, vacant land, income generated through fixed deposits, etc.

• Different Types of Liability

In a commercial setup, liabilities can be divided into 2 broad categories of internal and external liability.

Further, liabilities are divided into 4 separate categories as per their function, namely –

• Current Liabilities 

• Non-current Liabilities

• Contingent Liabilities

Relationship between Assets and Liabilities – A Glance through Financial Ratios

Typically, a fine-tuning between the proportion of total assets and liabilities is a necessity for maintaining a company’s profitability.

It helps to analyze the company’s ability to manage its external and internal liabilities as well as how readily it can convert assets into cash equivalent. It also help figure out the liquidity ratio of a particular business venture. 

Here are the list of financial ratios along with their formula that one must know.